Article on Cosmology 2.

AN ARTICLE ON COSMOLOGY : by Dr. Bibhash Chakravorty. There are some neutron stars whose magnetic field is so powerful that it will suck off all the iron atoms from ur haemoglobin if u go within 1000 miles of such stars. These stars are called magnetron's as far as I remember. Have to check it out. Still, gravity is too weak a force as compared to electromagnetism except in some special circumstances which is hard to come by in day to day life. Proof? Ok. Try to lift up a pen from the ground which has fallen from ur grip. Simple? It is simple bcaus tho the whole earth is pulling the pen towards its centre,it still is a weaker force than the electromagnetic forces in ur muscles which r trying to pull up the pen. I shall mention the special circumstances later in context. The inside of an atom is mainly an empty space with nucleus in the centre and electrons orbiting the nucleus in specified orbits. This quantum scenario is just like our solar system which is mainly an empty space occupied by orbiting planets around the sun. If all of these space is compressed by gravity to form only the nucleus ie only the sun, only then u get to have a neutron star with absolutely no space between 2 neutrons. One tsf of such matter weighs billions of tons. A black hole is more compactified than this and are precursors to a space time singularity which astrophysicists try to abhor bcaus all laws of physics break down at this point. The BIG BANG is supposed to give origin to our universe from such a singular point. In that case we are living in a black hole universe. Mind boggling. What causes gravity ? It is due to the spacetime distortions or curvature caused by any mass however small. It will not b out of context to mention here that the so called GOD particle or the field quanta in the Peter Higgs field, the Peter Higgs particle, imparts mass to other elementary particles like protons or neutrons and remember mass in turn causes gravity !! Our Satyen Bose's name is included here , the particle is also called Higgs Boson particle. And Peter Higgs who is still alive got the Nobel prize for this. However he was v angry to it being called the GOD particle by the papparatzi , He exclaimed, INAPPROPRIATE SENSATIONALISM. Ho, ho, ho.. Coming back to gravity, the EARTH is not revolving the sun due to attraction by the sun or Newtons laws but due to the shape of the space time curvature like that caused by the suns mass and to a lesser extent the earth's. It will b highly interesting to note here that the proof of Einstein's general theory of relativity came from demonstration of exactly the same type of space time curvature near the sun during a total solar eclipse. This space time curvature causing gravity can all be deduced from Einstein's gen theory of Relativity. I have tried to explain all these bcaus this context will b appropiate to understand interesting space phenomena or space physics later on. Einstein's special theory of relativity deals with systems moving or accelerating at light speed and the relative nature of time. The relativistic nature of time also appears in the general theory with time slowing down near massive objects. Einstein's famous equation E = MC square, also explains the source of unthinkable amount of energy released inside the sun or stars for which the human race and all living things cud originate and evolve . However this aspect falls under the purview of a totally different subject called ANTHROPIC PRINCIPLE or ANTHROPIC COSMOLOGY. I wud like to ask u a few questions, and interesting ones too. Q1. How wud u rate the possibility of the presence of intelligent living beings in our universe ? Q2. What did the BIG BANG, BANG into? Q3. What was there bfore the BIG BANG? Q4. What it takes to create a big bang? These r common questions and u might know the answer. Still 1. Our solar system is situated in a part of our home milky way galaxy a spiral one, which is known as THE GOLDILUX zone, about 2/3rd away from the centre in one of its spiral arms. This GOLDILUX zone is believed to contain many stable average sized stars like our sun which hav a long lifetime of say 10 billion yrs long enough to let living and also intelligent beings to evolve in its planets. There r on average 100 billion stars in a galaxy and there r at least 100 billion galaxies in this universe. If ur maths is correct the rate of probability of intelligent beings NOT prevailing in the GOLDILUX zone of all galaxies is infinetisimalIy small, in other words the chances of their presence is v v v high!! First q answered. Remember the more larger a star is from our sun the more faster does it use up its fuel and its life is also shorter compared to sun. Whether or not it will become a Nova or a black hole is given by the Chandrasekhar mass limit. I will explain that later. The q that immediately follows is if there r so many intelligent aliens in this universe how come they r yet to contact us ? The answer is the vast vast distances that separates any two random inhabited planets either in the same or different galaxies. For example our home galaxy is 100 thousand light yrs across and 20 to 30 thousand light yrs thick at the centre. At our present state of the art rocket speed it will take us 70000 to 700000 yrs to reach the nearest star system, Alpha centauri and the centre of our galaxy respectively. Another possibility is that some aliens might b far more ADV than us and r probably watching us now by whatever means possible or they have developed far more ADV means of space travel. The astraunots wud b dead and the rocket probably destroyed or rendered useless in that time. So a better prospect of contacting aliens at this present moment seems to b via radio waves or other electromagnetic waves etc which travel at the speed of light. Imagine, it took 9 long yrs even to reach the outer bounds of our own solar system near Pluto. Infact NASA IS already researching on matter antimatter propulsion system in rockets or spacecraft's which will vastly increased our speed. However there r some inherent disadv and ADV associated with travelling at near light speed which is still grossly out of the question with our present technology. Now the 2nd Q. The BIG BANG was not at all like a bomb that exploded in space. Since it was a singular point or a singularity which gave origin to this universe, it must have given origin to space and time itself. Now there r many clinching evidences which r almost irrefutable and which favour a BIG BANG origin of the universe rather than a STEADY STATE theory. I will ponder over those later on. The BANG itself creates an space as it expanded ie for the sake of argument if u were outside the BANG when it occurred u cud neither see it nor feel it untill it engulfed u. After 13.7 billion yrs it is probably still creating space at the edges of the universe due to the force created during the BANG tho this will depend on many factors like the cosmic density, curvature of space time near the edges and preponderance of dark energy over dark matter etc Yes our universe may b finite and still expanding!!! So we come to the conclusion that THE BIG BANG BANGED INTO NOTHING. The 3rd Q. This one is relatively easier to answer. Since we r always inside this universe we can never be objective about it. We r always subjective. We can never tell what was there bfore the BANG bcaus for us time started ticking at the time of the BANG. How can we go to another time bfore time was created? Therefore asking this Q is like asking what colour is 1,2,3,4 ? The Q itself is wrong. Q4. What it takes to create a BIG BANG ? U R IN FOR A SURPRISE !! WAIT. It is a known fact which can also b math deduced that violent quantum fluctuations of massive energy density might occur inside a subatomic space without any cause which can give birth to an event like a BIG BANG. In that case it took almost nothing at all to create this universe. So this universe of ours cud b the ultimate FREE LUNCH costing nothing. Usually lunch or food costs u some money. This term ie ultimate FREE LUNCH was coined by ALLAN GUTH ,an astrophysicist in a lighter mood. GUTH is also responsible for formulating an idea of superfast expansion of the quantum universe much more than the light speed in the first few of a trillionth of seconds after the BANG without which our universe wud probably not have been created. This is called INFLATION. The physics of space is so much related to physics inside an atom that it is just impossible to understand it without a sound knowledge of atomic physics. Space is macrocosm and the atom microcosm or quantum world.Only quantum physics apply to the atomic or subatomic world. Why this close relation ? It is bcaus the BIG BANG started from a point less than the size of a proton where only quantum physics apply. Therefore many space phenomena have their roots embedded to quantum physics or quantum gravity, quantum electrodynamics etc. Of course we cannot deduce the mathematical equations but we can always understand the logic behind those. U really get surprised to know the accuracy of math prediction of the events occurring inside a quantum universe after the BANG which also predict the course of events that follow in the macrocosmic universe. Some of u might b wondering how come this inflation occur at a speed greater than light ? Einstein's theory prohibits this. Actually Einstein predicted a system that moves lesser than light speed where objects with rest mass above zero cannot ever reach light velocity. He didn't predict a system which r already travelling at more than light speed. However this does not explain our Q. In this case no objects r moving. It is only the space time continuam fabric of the early, primordial universe which moves gr than light speed and since this fabric is not tangible there is no contradiction of its speed to remain v v v fast with Einsteins speed limit. The expansion of universe can be deduced from Einstein's theory. But does this explain BIG BANG THEORY ? SIMPLE. As the universe is expanding with time there must have been a time in the past when the galaxies were closer to each other ? Retrace further back in time say 13.7 billion yrs ago and u get all the mass in this universe at a singular point. I think further explanation is not needed. But how cud HUBBLE notice the expansion ? To understand this u hav to know the DOPPLER effect of light. U r all familiar with the DOPPLER effect of sound as we use this principle to detect DVT or echodoppler to detect cardiac ailments or diagnosing torsion testes. Suffice it to mention here that the light from distant galaxies appear red or lesser fre quency of light waves or red shifted to us as the galaxies move apart whereas some local gr of galaxies like ANDROMEDA show blue shifted light of higher freq. as it approaches us. This can b understood with the analogy of DOPPLER effect of sound. As u stand on a road an approaching car with horns sounding will appear high pitched whereas the same car moving away from u sounds low pitched. If u try to c the colour of the car it will appear bluish when apprchng and reddish while receding. Therefore by only seeing the red colour of distant galaxies HUBBLE cud deduce that galaxies r receding away from each other ie the universe is expanding. It is also interesting to note here that in the present day period of so called tardy or slow inflation ie slower than light speed, the galaxies r hurtling away from each other with a speed directly proportional to the distance between them and this was first noticed by the astronomer EDWIN HUBBLE ( HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE named after him) and which again is a proof of Einstein's theory and also favours the BIG BANG theory. Here again nothing but the nontangible space time fabric is expanding , carrying along the galaxies with it. The galaxies r not actually moving. A simple analogy will help u to understand this. Imagine a rubber baloon with dots(polka dots) on its surface. As u r inflating the baloon the dots r moving away from each other. However it is the fabric of the baloon which gets stretched and not the individual dots moving apart. In the case of universe this fabric is not tangible like the baloons one and the inflator is the original force of the BIG BANG. Sir,since all of these including WR 104, were extempore writing there is much scope of modification, correction of contents, grammar and many other aspects and I will be most happy if someone points out factual errors etc.Then I will stand corrected. Lastly, as I mentioned in my previous article on Cosmology, in the light of logic the big bang must have happened in the interdimensional void between the spaces. --- Dr. Bibhash Chakravorty. Below : Picture of Mount Kailash in the Himalayas, the Abode of Lord SHIVA, the Mount representing Mother Nature with the Lord meditating atop HER as her most intimate soul, Master of Her soul, Antarjami's Antarjami ! Since the lords beloved wife had sacrificed Her life in the eternal fire of self immolation and became a SATI in protest against the evils who insulted and desecrated Her beloved husband, and had merged with the so called Inanimate Mother Nature, SHIVA is actually meditating and doing His impossible penance by sitting on His beloveds lifeless corpse, Mount Kailash, in an attempt to bring the Humanity, flora and faunakind and the inanimate objects of Nature too, even the violent Cosmic fire and Gravity to merge with His supreme pure, strengthened consciousness for greater good ! But He doesn't know whether eternity would bring His beloved back to Him ! He is suffering for eternity so that every deserving creature in this Cosmos and the inanimate too can understand a concept, which they call Life but miserably fail to perceive it's magnanimity ! That's why He is the Kalbhairav Tantric of the era/Yug called KALI OR MA KALI ERA OR KAL( MAHA ) IS THE YUG ! The Evils will perish and the periled will be Delivered by the Good Lord ! ---- Dr. Bibhash Chakravorty.